(Photo by Maya Springhawk Robnett - KAWC)

Dr. Paula Rivadeneira sets out a bucket of water to collect dust which may be carrying pathogens.

(Photo by Maya Springhawk Robnett - KAWC)

Research technician Martha Ruedas hangs up a fly trap filled with fermented egg in a Yuma field.

Efforts to protect the country's agricultural crops from pathogens and other threats requires some unusual practices in the fields of Yuma.

Have you ever thought about flies and pathogens? Paula Rivadeneira has.

“A little fly lands on your Coke, and you’re like, ‘Oh, shoo away, fly!’ You have no idea what it left behind," she said. "No idea.”

Rivadeneira has an unusual job. Her official title is extension specialist in food safety and wildlife at the Yuma Agricultural Center of the University of Arizona. She calls herself "Paula the Poop Doctor." In food safety, feces are a common field contaminant.

“Pathogens are often associated with poop, and animal poop in particular!" said Rivadeneira.

Rivadeneira and her research technician, Martha Ruedas, will set out fly traps and buckets of water to collect dust samples near Yuma fields. They want to know if individual instances of pathogens in the fields are the result of flies, dust blowing contaminants, or just wild or domestic animals.

The researchers collect samples near agricultural areas on the outskirts of Yuma County.

Ruedas screwed off the lid of a fly trap. It’s a container they fill with a special kind of bait.

“I’m preparing the trap with this solution that is egg fermented, and we will see how many flies we get," Ruedas said.

The smell is not pleasant.

Yuma farmers get nervous when they see Rivadeneira in their fields. If she finds a single contaminated head of lettuce or other vegetable, the policy is to condemn an entire portion of that field.

“The growers all belong to this group called the Leafy Greens Marketing Agreement," Rivadeneira said. "And one of the guidelines that they’re required to follow is if there is any kind of contamination in the field, a single positive hit, they’re not allowed to harvest anything around that area. You could lose acres and acres from just a couple of animals coming in overnight.”

She hopes her study will not only help determine where the pathogens come from, but whether the policy of condemning large areas around a single contaminated vegetable is really necessary.

This day she was focused on fly traps and dust samples, but Paula the Poop Doctor couldn't help herself. Rivadeneira stopped the moment she saw bird droppings in the dirt near a field — and she got excited.

“You can never have enough ziplock bags," she said, kneeling down to the dirt. "I’m gonna scoop the bird poop right here.”

Farmers don’t like talking about food safety. But contamination is a major concern for growers because it not only hurts their bottom line — it also undermines consumer trust. This became a problem in September 2006 when California experienced an outbreak of E. coli in spinach crops.

Valentin Sierra, a food safety specialist for Amigo Farms in Yuma, said that changed the conversation — and the industry.

“A lot of growers and shippers were already doing some kind of food safety practices but it wasn’t really a focus then. But now, after that outbreak, it’s been one of the key points to agriculture business,” Sierra said.

Food safety is more costly than it was before 2006. Even harvesting equipment is far more expensive than it used to be, because sanitation requirements call for many items to be made with stainless steel and thoroughly cleaned daily. And despite the loss of product — and consequently, money — Sierra said it’s worth it to condemn a large portion of a field.

“Let’s just say you do find just one contaminated head," he said. "Who’s to say that that head won’t contaminate the rest of the load? So, you’re already taking a step, why risk it?"

The Yuma Agricultural Center study is scheduled to conclude in March, when Rivadeneira’s team will run the lab samples and report the results to local growers.